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عنوان انگلیسی مقاله: Dr. Mohammad Mossadegh
عنوان فارسی مقاله: دکتر محمد مصدق
فرمت فایل ترجمه شده: WORD (قابل ویرایش)
تعداد صفحات فایل ترجمه شده:13
گزیده ای از متن انگلیسی :
Dr. Mohammad Mossadegh was born on May 19, 1882. His father, Hedayat Ashtiani, was the Finance Minister under King Naser al-Din Qajar, and his mother was a granddaughter of the Crown Prince Abbas Mirza.
After the Constitutional Revolution of 1906, Mossadegh was elected from Isfehan to the first Parliament, but since he was under the age of 30, he refused his position as a Parliament member.
When Mohammad Ali Shah bombarded the first Parliament, and Liberals were either executed or imprisoned, Mossadegh spent a while in concealment. Iin 1909 he set out for France through Russia, and he studied at the Political Science Institute of Paris for two years. Due to his illness, Mossadegh was forced to return to Iran, but after 5 months he traveled to Switzerland where he continued his education at the Neuchatel law school. He obtained his Ph.D in law and his attorney permit in 1913.
In 1914 he returned to Iran and began his career at the Political Science Institute of Tehran, as a professor. During this time, Mossadegh authored two books, "Civil Legal Procedure," and the "Capitulation" .
In 1917, Mossadegh became the deputy Finance Minister and tried his best to put a definite end to corruption inside the Ministry.
When the cabinet of Vosough al-Doleh signed the agreement of 1919 with the British government, Mossadegh strongly criticized the agreement and left the country for Europe. There he informed the western societies about this agreement which would have made Iran a British colony. To sign the agreement, Vosugh received £131,000 as bribe for himself and his Foreign and Finance ministers.
A few months later, public pressure forced Vosough out of office, and Moshir al-Doleh became Prime Minister. The new Premier invited Dr. Mossadegh to join the cabinet as Minister of Justice.
In his return to Iran from the Persian Gulf, due to the request of the people of Shiraz, he accepted the governorship of the Fars province until the coup d'etat of 1921. There, too, he took effective steps towards the security of the people.
When the British backed coup of Seyed Zia and Reza Khan took place in 1921, Mossadegh was one of the few Iranian politicians who questioned the legitimacy of the coup government, and resigned his post as the governor of Fars. After his abdication, on his way to Tehran, the Bakhtiari tribe invited Mossadegh to be their guest. He lived there until the Zia government collapsed after 100 days.
After Zia's fall, Ghavam al-Saltaneh became the new Premier and Dr. Mossadegh was posted as the Finance Minister with special authority.
After the fall of Ghavam's government, and Moshir becoming the premier once again, Mossadegh was invited to become the governor of the Azerbaijan province. He accepted the post provided that full authority over the province's armed forces is given to him. At the end ,however, due to the provincial army commander's disobedience, who got his orders from Reza Khan (the War Minister), Mossadegh resigned and returned to Tehran.
In May 1923, Mossadegh became the Foreign Minister of Moshir's cabinet, and strongly opposed the British government demanding 2 million Pounds from Iran, for the creation of the Iranian southern police (which protected Britain's interests!.)
After Moshir's resignation, Reza Khan (Commander of the Armed Forces), took office as Prime Minister.
Dr. Mossadegh was elected to the Parliament from Tehran, and it was during this period that the Qajar dynasty was overthrown and Reza khan declared himself the King of Iran. Mossadegh strongly opposed this and when the sixth Majlis ended, and Reza Khan became the absolute dictator of Iran, Mossadegh was forced to stay at home for many years. During the last years of Reza Shah's reign, when most of the political figures had either died or surrendered to the Pahlavi regime, Mossadegh was arrested and exiled for several months, and was finally sent back to his Ahmad Abad country estate and remained under house arrest.
After the occupation of Iran by the British and Russian armies in 1941, Reza Shah was ousted and exiled to South Africa where he died a couple of years later.
In the elections of the 14th Majlis (Parliament), Dr. Mossadegh was surprisingly honored by the nation and elected as the first deputy from the Capital.
In the 15th Majlis elections, because of the election rigging, Mossadegh did not get the chance to enter the Parliament, so the British could lobby the passage of the 1933 oil agreement signed by the ex-Shah, with the new cabinet, and, therefore, plunder the Iranian oil for another 60 years. With the public pressure mounting, the wish of the British government could not come true, and the term of the 15th Majlis ended. But the Shah, at the request of the British, formed a Constituent
Assembly, and extended his powers as a constitutional monarch. It was also during this period that, Mossadegh and his companions formed the Jebhe Melli (National Front) of Iran, which played a great role in nationalizing the Iranian oil industry.
Despite all the interference and frauds of the Shah during the 16th Majlis elections, the fake ballot boxes were announced expired, and the Royal Court minister was assassinated. In the second round of the elections, Mossadegh and a group of his companions were elected. It was this Parliament that approved the nationalization of the Iranian oil industry. A while later, the Majlis elected Mossadegh as the new Prime Minister.
When Mossadegh became Premier in 1951, the first thing he did after introducing his cabinet, was the enforcement of the Oil Nationalization Bill.
Following the British law suit against Iran and taking it up in the United Nations Security Council, Dr. Mossadegh traveled to New York to defend Iran's rights. Then he went to the Netherlands to defend Iran at the Hague, which voted in favor of Iran in its huge international legal encounter with England. On his way back home, Mossadegh also paid a visit to Egypt where he was magnificently welcomed.
By controlling the Defense Ministry (formerly War Ministry), Mossadegh succeeded in purging the army from corrupt officers, and this angered the Royal Court a lot.
In March of 1953, the Royal Court decided to carry out a conspiracy against Dr. Mossadegh. On the first day of March, it was plotted, the Shah would leave for Europe pretending that Mossadegh forced him to do so. On the other hand, some hooligans and expelled army officers would gather in front of the Royal Palace to prevent the Shah's departure and attack and kill Mossadegh when he was coming out of there. The plan fell flat when Mossadegh was informed in advance and escaped the scene unharmed.
General Afshar-Toos, the loyal police chief of Mossadegh's government, was brutally murdered by the Royal Court's agents and the expelled officers.
Disputes between the Parliament and the cabinet increased, and following the Majlis member's abstractions Mossadegh declared a national referendum to let the people choose between dissolving of the Parliament, or cabinet's resignation. In this plebiscite,( criticized by many, because of the separation of the Yes and No ballot boxes, and not being held at the same time nationwide), the majority voted against Majlis. In August 1953, therefore, the Parliament was officially dissolved.
On August 16, 1953, in an American-British orchestrated conspiracy, the Shah dismissed Dr. Mossadegh. The chief of the Royal Guards served Mossadegh with the formal dismissal notice. He was also ordered to occupy the house by the Royal troops as he was ordered to. But when soldiers reached the Mossadegh's house, Mossadegh's guards immediately arrested the Royal Guard's chief and his troops. The coup was publicized and the Shah fled to Italy.
On 17th and 18th of August, people took to the streets in support of Mossadegh and the statues of the Shah and his father pulled down all over the country.
On August 19th, the secret services of the U.S and Britain (CIA - MI6), engineered a more precise and expensive coup and this time succeeded in overthrowing Mossadegh's government. On this tragic day, after bribing some people from different walks of life, those behind the coup managed to pull a large number of hooligans into the streets to rally against the national government of Dr. Mossadegh. Because of the police chief treachery, the mob reached the Prime Minister's residence and after hours of bombarding it and fighting a bloody battle with the small group of Mossadegh's loyal guards, they entered the house and after plundering it, they burned it down. Mossadegh and his companions used a ladder to escape and took refuge inside the neighbor's house. Some of Mossadegh's previous companions were among the coup plotters
The following day, Dr. Mossadegh and his loyal companions surrendered themselves to the coup Prime Minister, General Zahedi. A few days latter, the Shah returned to Iran from Italy, and began his 25 years of despotic reign.
During his trial in a military court, Dr. Mossadegh disclosed the secrets of the two coups against his government. He was sentenced to three years imprisonment after which he, now 74, was transferred to his country house in Ahmad Abad, and lived there under house arrest until his death. On March 4, 1967, Dr. Mossadegh died of cancer at the age of 84. His body was buried in one of the rooms of his residence. He was survived by 2 sons and 3 daughters.
دکتر محمد مصدق
دکتر محمد مصدق در سال 1261 هجری شمسی در تهران، در یک خانواده اشرافی بدنیا آمد. پدر او میرزا هدایت الله معروف به " وزیر دفتر " از رجال عصر ناصری و مادرش ملک تاج خانم ( نجم السلطنه ) فرزند عبدالمجید میرزا فرمانفرما و نوهً عباس میرزا ولیعهد و نایت السلطنه ایران بود. میرزا هدایت الله که مدت مدیدی در سمت " رئیس دفتر استیفاء " امور مربوط به وزارت مالیه را در زمان سلطنت ناصرالدین شاه به عهده داشت، لقب مستوفی الممالکی را بعد از پسر عمویش میرزا یوسف مستوفی الممالک از آن خود می دانست، ولی میرزا یوسف در زمان حیات خود لقب مستوفی الممالک را برای پسر خردسالش میرزا حسن گرفت و میرزا هدایت الله بعنوان اعتراض از سمت خود استعفا نمود. بعد از مرگ میرزا یوسف، ناصرالدین شاه میرزا هدایت الله را به کفالت امور مالیه و سرپرستی میرزا حسن منصوب کرد.
میرزا هدایت الله سه پسر داشت که محمد کوچکترین آنها بود. هنگام مرگ میرزا هدایت الله در سال 1271 شمسی محمد ده ساله بود، ولی ناصرالدین شاه علاوه بر اعطای شغل و لقب میرزا هدایت الله به پسر ارشد او میرزا حسین خان، به دو پسر دیگر او هم القابی داد، و محمد را " مصدق السلطنه " نامید. دکتر مصدق در خاطرات خود از دوران کودکیش می نویسد: " چون مادرم پس از فوت پدر با برادرم میرزا حسین وزیر دفتر اختلاف پیدا کرد، با میرزا فضل الله خان وکیل الملک منشی باشی ولیعهد ( مظفرالدین شاه ) ازدواج نمود و مرا هم با خود به تبریز برد. در آن موقع من در حدود دوازده سال داشتم ... "
محمد خان مصدق السلطنه پس از اتمام تحصیلات مقدماتی در تبریز همراه پدر خوانده اش، که بعد از جلوس مظفرالدین شاه بر تخت سلطنت به سمت منشی مخصوص شاه تعیین شده بود، به تهران آمد.
مصدق السلطنه با وجود سن کم در نخستین سالهای خدمت در مقام مستوفی گری خراسان کاملا در کار خود مسلط شد و توجه و علاقه عموم را به طرف خود جلب نمود. در باره خدمات او در خراسان افضل الملک در کتاب افضل التواریخ چنین می نویسد: " میرزا محمد خان مصدق السلطنه را امروز از طرف شغل مستوفی و محاسب خراسان گویند، لیکن رتبه و حسب و نسب و استعدا و هوش و فضل و حسابدانی این طفل یک شبه ره صد ساله می رود. این جوان بقدری آداب دان و قاعده پرداز است که هیچ مزیدی بر آن متصور نیست. گفتار و رفتار و پذیرائی و احتراماتش در حق مردم به طوری است که خود او از متانت و بزرگی خارج نمی شود، ولی بدون تزویر و ریا با کمال خفض جناح کمال ادب را درباره مردمان بجای می آورد و نهایت مرتبه انسانیت و خوش خلقی و تواضع را سرمشق خود قرار داده است".
مصدق السلطنه بعد از مراجعت به تهران در اولین انتخابات دوره مشروطیت نامزد وکالت شد. او به نمایندگی از طبقه اعیان و اشراف اصفهان در اولین دوره تقنینیه انتخاب گردید؛ ولی اعتبار نامه او بدلیل این که سن او به سی سال تمام نرسیده بود رد شد.
مصدق السلطنه در سال 1287 شمسی برای ادامه تحصیلات خود به فرانسه رفت و پس از خاتمه تحصیل در مدرسه علوم سیاسی پاریس به سویس رفت و در این مرحله به اخذ درجه دکترای حقوق نائل آمد. مراجعت مصدق به ایران با آغاز جنگ جهانی اول مصادف بود. بعد از مراجعت به ایران مصدق السلطنه با سوابقی که در امور مالیه و مستوفی گری خراسان داشت به خدمت در وزارت مالیه دعوت شد. دکتر مصدق قریب چهارده ماه در کابینه های مختلف این سمت را حفظ می کند تا اینکه سرانجام در حکومت صمصام السلطنه به علت اختلاف با وزیر وقت مالیه ( مشار الملک ) از معاونت وزارت مالیه استعفا می دهد و هنگام تشکیل کابینه دوم وثوق الدوله مجدداً عازم اروپا می شود.
